Ácido nítrico CAS 7697-37-2

Reacciones químicas comunes:

• Acid-Base Reactions: As a strong acid, it reacts rapidly with bases, basic oxides, and carbonates to form nitrate salts.
• Oxidación: Nitric acid is a powerful oxidizing agent. It reacts violently with many non-metals and most metals, except noble metals like gold and platinum.
• Nitration: A crucial industrial reaction where nitric acid introduces a nitro group (NO_2) into organic compounds, typically in the presence of a catalyst like sulfuric acid.
• Passivation: Concentrated nitric acid passivates some metals (like iron, aluminum, and chromium) by forming a dense oxide layer that protects the bulk metal from further oxidation.

Presupuesto

Aplicaciones

Nitric acid is a fundamental chemical precursor in various industries:

• Producción de fertilizantes: The largest use is in manufacturing ammonium nitrate (NH_4NO_3) and other nitrogenous fertilizers.
  • Función: Acts as the source of the nitrate ion, an essential nutrient for plant growth.
• Explosives and Munitions: Used to produce trinitrotoluene (TNT), nitroglycerin, and nitrocellulose.
  • Función: Acts as a nitrating agent to introduce unstable nitro groups into organic molecules.
• Síntesis química: Essential in the production of adipic acid (for nylon), polyurethanes, and various organic intermediates (dyes, pharmaceuticals).
  • Función: Primarily serves as a nitrating and oxidizing agent.
• Metal Processing & Etching: Used in pickling stainless steel, etching brass and copper, and refining precious metals (as a component of aqua regia).
  • Función: Dissolves metallic impurities and specific metals through oxidation.
• Cleaning Agents: Employed in the dairy and food industries (often in CIP – Cleaning In Place systems).
  • Función: Removes precipitated calcium and magnesium compounds (scale) from equipment.

Requisitos del entorno de almacenamiento

• Ventilación: Store in a well-ventilated, cool, and dry area.
• Temperatura: Keep away from heat sources and direct sunlight to prevent decomposition and pressure build-up.
• Segregación: Strictly isolate from incompatible materials: organic materials, reducing agents, alkalis, combustible materials, and metals.
• Contención: Store in corrosive-resistant containers. Secondary containment is strongly recommended to manage spills.
• Security: Access should be restricted to authorized personnel only.

Precauciones de manipulación y uso

• Equipo de protección individual (EPI): Always wear chemical splash goggles, a full face shield, acid-resistant gloves, and protective clothing (acid suit/apron).
• Ventilación: Use only in a chemical fume hood or with adequate local exhaust ventilation to prevent inhalation of vapors.
• Regla de dilución: Always add acid to water slowly while stirring. NEVER add water to acid, as it can cause localized boiling and violent splattering.
• Emergency Equipment: Ensure safety showers and eyewash stations are easily accessible in the immediate work area.
• Respuesta ante derrames: Do not use combustible materials (like sawdust) to absorb spills. Neutralize with soda ash or lime, following proper hazardous waste disposal procedures.

Formulaciones

• Aqua Regia (Royal Water): A mixture of Nitric Acid and Hydrochloric Acid, typically in a 1:3 molar ratio.
  • Role: Used to dissolve noble metals like gold and platinum. Nitric acid acts as a powerful oxidizer, while hydrochloric acid provides chloride ions to form soluble coordination complexes.
• Nitrating Mixture (Mixed Acid): A combination of concentrated Nitric Acid and concentrated Sulfuric Acid.
  • Role: Used extensively in organic synthesis. Sulfuric acid acts as a catalyst and dehydrating agent, promoting the formation of the reactive nitronium ion (NO_2^+) from the nitric acid.
• Passivation Solutions: Often a mixture of Nitric Acid and water (sometimes with sodium dichromate).
  • Role: Applied to stainless steel surfaces to remove free iron contaminants and promote the rapid formation of a protective chromium oxide layer, enhancing corrosion resistance.

Opciones de embalaje

Packaging is customizable based on volume requirements and transport regulations. Common options include:

• Small Volumes (Reagent/Lab scale): Glass or specially treated plastic bottles.
• Medium Volumes: High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) drums or carboys.
• Large/Industrial Volumes: Intermediate Bulk Containers, ISO tanks, or bulk road/rail tankers. (Note: Packaging material must be compatible with the specific concentration of the acid).

Declaraciones de seguridad y cumplimiento